Wednesday, July 9, 2008

Programmer dan komunitasnya

Computer programmers write, test, and maintain the detailed instructions, called programs, that computers follow to perform their functions. Programmers also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by computer. With the help of other computer specialists, they figure out which instructions to use to make computers do specific tasks. Many technical innovations in programming—advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools, for example—have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today.

Job titles and descriptions may vary, depending on the organization, but computer programmers are individuals whose main job function is programming. Programmers usually write programs according to the specifications given by computer software engineers and systems analysts. (Sections on computer software engineers and on computer systems analysts appear elsewhere in the Handbook.) After engineers and analysts design software—describing how it will work—the programmer converts that design into a logical series of instructions that the computer can follow. The programmer codes these instructions in a conventional programming language such as COBOL; an artificial intelligence language such as Prolog; or one of the more advanced object-oriented languages, such as Java, C++, or ACTOR.

Different programming languages are used depending on the purpose of the program. Programmers generally know more than one programming language, and because many languages are similar, they often can learn new languages relatively easily. In practice, programmers often are referred to by the language they know, such as Java programmers, or by the type of function they perform or environment in which they work—for example, database programmers, mainframe programmers, or Web programmers.

Programmers also update, repair, modify, and expand existing programs. Some, especially those working on large projects that involve many programmers, use computer-assisted software engineering (CASE) tools to automate much of the coding process. These tools enable a programmer to concentrate on writing the unique parts of a program. Programmers working on smaller projects often use “programmer environments,” applications that increase productivity by combining compiling, code walk through, code generation, test data generation, and debugging functions. Programmers also use libraries of basic code that can be modified or customized for a specific application. This approach yields more reliable and consistent programs and increases programmers’ productivity by eliminating some routine steps.

Programs vary widely depending on the type of information they will access or generate. For example, the instructions involved in updating financial records are very different from those required to simulate flight for pilot training. Simple programs can be written in a few hours, but some programs draw data from many existing systems or use complex mathematical formulas. These programs may take more than a year to create. In most cases, several programmers work together as a team under a senior programmer’s supervision.

Programmers test a program by running it to ensure that the instructions are correct and that the program produces the desired outcome. If errors do occur, the programmer must make the appropriate change and recheck the program until it produces the correct results. This process is called testing and debugging. Programmers may continue to fix problems for as long as a program is used.

Programmers working on a mainframe, a large centralized computer, may prepare instructions for a computer operator who will run the program. (A section on computer operators appears elsewhere in the Handbook.) Programmers also may contribute to the instruction manual for a program.

Programmers in software development companies may work directly with experts from various fields to create specialized software—either programs designed for specific clients or packaged software for general use—ranging from games and educational software to programs for desktop publishing and financial planning. Programming of packaged software constitutes one of the most rapidly growing segments of the computer services industry.

Increasingly, advanced software platforms are bridging the gap between computer programmers and computer users. New platforms, such as spreadsheet, accounting, and enterprise resource planning applications, have created demand for computer specialists who have first-hand knowledge of a user-base. These workers use such platforms to develop programs that meet the specific needs of this base. Computer programmers often are responsible for creating the software platform, and then fine-tuning the final program after it has been made.

Computer programmers often are grouped into two broad types—applications programmers and systems programmers. Applications programmers write programs to handle a specific job, such as a program to track inventory within an organization. They also may revise existing packaged software or customize generic applications purchased from vendors. Systems programmers, in contrast, write programs to maintain and control computer systems software for operating systems, networked systems, and database systems. These workers make changes in the instructions that determine how the network, workstations, and central processing unit of a system handle the various jobs they have been given, and how they communicate with peripheral equipment such as terminals, printers, and disk drives. Because of their knowledge of the entire computer system, systems programmers often help applications programmers determine the source of problems that may occur with their programs.

In some organizations, workers known as programmer-analysts are responsible for both the systems analysis and programming. (A more detailed description of the work of programmer-analysts is presented in the section on computer systems analysts elsewhere in the Handbook.)

Work environment. Programmers spend the majority of their time in front of a computer terminal, and work in clean, comfortable offices. Telecommuting is becoming more common, however, as technological advances allow more work to be done from remote locations.

Most computer programmers work about 40 hours per week. Long hours or weekend work may be required, however, to meet deadlines or fix unexpected technical problems. About four percent work part-time, compared with about 15 percent for all occupations.

Like other workers who spend long periods in front of a computer terminal typing at a keyboard, programmers are susceptible to eyestrain, back discomfort, and hand and wrist problems such as carpal tunnel syndrome.



Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement [About this section] Back to Top

A bachelor’s degree commonly is required for computer programming jobs, although a two-year degree or certificate may be adequate for some positions. Employers favor applicants who already have relevant programming skills and experience. Skilled workers who keep up to date with the latest technology usually have good opportunities for advancement.

Education and training. Most programmers have a bachelor’s degree, but a two-year degree or certificate may be adequate for some jobs. Some computer programmers hold a college degree in computer science, mathematics, or information systems, whereas others have taken special courses in computer programming to supplement their degree in a field such as accounting, finance, or another area of business. In 2006, more than 68 percent of computer programmers had a bachelor’s degree or higher, but as the level of education and training required by employers continues to rise, this proportion is expected to increase.

Employers who use computers for scientific or engineering applications usually prefer college graduates who have a degree in computer or information science, mathematics, engineering, or the physical sciences. Employers who use computers for business applications prefer to hire people who have had college courses in management information systems and business, and who possess strong programming skills. A graduate degree in a related field is required for some jobs.

Most systems programmers hold a four-year degree in computer science. Extensive knowledge of a variety of operating systems is essential for such workers. This includes being able to configure an operating system to work with different types of hardware and being able to adapt the operating system to best meet the needs of a particular organization. Systems programmers also must be able to work with database systems, such as DB2, Oracle, or Sybase.

In addition to educational attainment, employers highly value relevant programming skills, as well as experience. Although knowledge of traditional programming languages still is important, employers are placing an emphasis on newer, object-oriented languages and tools such as C++ and Java. Additionally, employers seek people familiar with fourth- and fifth-generation languages that involve graphic user interface and systems programming. College graduates who are interested in changing careers or developing an area of expertise may return to a two-year community college or technical school for specialized training. In the absence of a degree, substantial specialized experience or expertise may be needed.

Entry-level or junior programmers may work alone on simple assignments after some initial instruction, or they may be assigned to work on a team with more experienced programmers. Either way, beginning programmers generally must work under close supervision.

Because technology changes so rapidly, programmers must continuously update their knowledge and skills by taking courses sponsored by their employer or by software vendors, or offered through local community colleges and universities.

Certification and other qualifications. When hiring programmers, employers look for people with the necessary programming skills who can think logically and pay close attention to detail. Programming calls for patience, persistence, and the ability to perform exacting analytical work, especially under pressure. Ingenuity and creativity are particularly important when programmers design solutions and test their work for potential failures. The ability to work with abstract concepts and to do technical analysis is especially important for systems programmers because they work with the software that controls the computer’s operation.

Because programmers are expected to work in teams and interact directly with users, employers want programmers who are able to communicate with non-technical personnel. Business skills are also important, especially for those wishing to advance to managerial positions.

Certification is a way to demonstrate a level of competence and may provide a jobseeker with a competitive advantage. In addition to language-specific certificates, product vendors or software firms also offer certification and may require professionals who work with their products to be certified. Voluntary certification also is available through various other organizations.

Advancement. For skilled workers who keep up to date with the latest technology, prospects for advancement are good. In large organizations, programmers may be promoted to lead programmer and be given supervisory responsibilities. Some applications programmers may move into systems programming after they gain experience and take courses in systems software. With general business experience, programmers may become programmer-analysts or systems analysts, or may be promoted to managerial positions. Programmers with specialized knowledge and experience with a language or operating system may work in research and development and may even become computer software engineers. As employers increasingly contract with outside firms to do programming jobs, more opportunities should arise for experienced programmers with expertise in a specific area to work as consultants.



Employment [About this section] Back to Top

Computer programmers held about 435,000 jobs in 2006. Programmers are employed in almost every industry, but the largest concentration is in computer systems design and related services. Large numbers of programmers also work for software publishers, financial institutions, insurance carriers, educational institutions, government agencies, and management of companies and enterprises. Many computer programmers work independently as consultants on a temporary or contract basis, some of whom are self-employed. About 17,000 computer programmers were self-employed in 2006.



Job Outlook [About this section] Back to Top

Employment of computer programmers is expected to decline slowly. Job prospects should be best for those with a bachelor’s degree and experience with a variety of programming languages and tools.

Employment change. Employment of computer programmers is expected to decline slowly, decreasing by 4 percent from 2006 to 2016. The consolidation and centralization of systems and applications, developments in packaged software, advances in programming languages and tools, and the growing ability of users to design, write, and implement more of their own programs mean that more programming functions can be performed by other types of information workers, such as computer software engineers.

Another factor contributing to employment decline will be the offshore outsourcing of programming jobs. Because they can transmit their programs digitally, computer programmers can perform their job function from anywhere in the world, allowing companies to employ workers in countries that have lower prevailing wages. Computer programmers are at a much higher risk of having their jobs outsourced abroad than are workers involved in more complex and sophisticated information technology functions, such as software engineering. Much of the work of computer programmers requires little localized or specialized knowledge and can be made routine once knowledge of a particular programming language is mastered—and computer programming languages have become known internationally.

Nevertheless, employers will continue to need some local programmers, especially those who have strong technical skills and who understand an employer’s business and its programming requirements. This means that programmers will have to keep abreast of changing programming languages and techniques. Given the importance of networking and the expansion of client/server, Web-based, and wireless environments, organizations will look for programmers who can support data communications and help implement business and intranet strategies. Demand for programmers with strong object-oriented programming capabilities and technical specialization in areas such as client/server programming, wireless applications, multimedia technology, and graphic user interface likely will stem from the expansion of intranets, extranets, and Internet applications. Programmers also will be needed to create and maintain expert systems and embed these technologies in more products. Finally, a growing emphasis on cybersecurity will lead to increased demand for programmers who are familiar with digital security issues, and are skilled in using appropriate security technology.

Job prospects. Although employment is projected to decline, numerous job openings will result from the need to replace programmers who leave the labor force or transfer to other occupations. Prospects for these openings should be best for applicants with a bachelor’s degree and experience with a variety of programming languages and tools. The languages that are in demand today include C++, Java, and other object-oriented languages, as well as newer, domain-specific languages that apply to computer networking, database management, and Internet application development. As technology evolves, however, and newer, more sophisticated tools emerge, programmers will need to update their skills in order to remain competitive. Obtaining vendor-specific or language-specific certification also can provide a competitive edge.

Jobs for both systems and applications programmers should be most plentiful in computer consulting businesses. These establishments are part of the computer systems design and related services industry, which is projected to be among the fastest growing industries in the economy over the 2006 to 2016 period.



Projections Data [About this section] Back to Top

Projections data from the National Employment Matrix Occupational title SOC Code Employment, 2006 Projected
employment,
2016 Change, 2006-16 Detailed statistics
Number Percent
Computer programmers
15-1021 435,000 417,000 -18,000 -4 PDF zipped XLS
NOTE: Data in this table are rounded. See the discussion of the employment projections table in the Handbook introductory chapter on Occupational Information Included in the Handbook.






Earnings [About this section] Back to Top

Median annual earnings of wage-and-salary computer programmers were $65,510 in May 2006. The middle 50 percent earned between $49,580 and $85,080 a year. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $38,460, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $106,610. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of computer programmers in May 2006 are shown below:



Software publishers $79,270
Computer systems design and related services 67,880
Management of companies and enterprises 67,170
Insurance carriers 65,650



According to the National Association of Colleges and Employers, starting salary offers for computer programmers averaged $49,928 per year in 2007.

According to Robert Half Technology, a firm providing specialized staffing services, average annual starting salaries in 2007 ranged from $55,250 to $90,250 for applications development programmers/analysts, and from $60,250 to $94,750 for software developers. Average starting salaries for mainframe systems programmers ranged from $52,250 to $70,750.




For the latest wage information:The above wage data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey program, unless otherwise noted. For the latest National, State, and local earnings data, visit the following pages:

Computer programmers





Related Occupations [About this section] Back to Top

Other professional workers who deal extensively with data include computer software engineers, computer scientists and database administrators, computer systems analysts, statisticians, mathematicians, engineers, commercial and industrial designers, and operations research analysts.

Komunitas programmer:
http://www.kristenonline.com

Aeromodeling dan komunitasnya

Aeromodeling encompasses the design, building and flying of model aircraft, in all their various forms. Once viewed as just a hobby, aeromodeling has become one of the largest and most popular air sports in the world.

Aeromodeling can be traced back to the Wright Brothers, who used kites and model airfoils to test their theories on controlled flight. Models are still highly practical today as they are often designed for theoretical work and before full-size aircraft go into production.

The Academy of Model Aeronautics (AMA) oversees the sport of aeromodeling, and represents more than 170,000 members and 2,500 model aviation clubs. AMA was founded in 1936; today AMA lists its purpose as the “promotion, development, education and advancement of modeling activities.” It is a non-profit organization dedicated to developing aeromodeling as a recognized sport and worthwhile recreation activity. AMA sanctions more than a thousand model competitions throughout the country each year.

Komunitas Aeromodeling:
http://fly.to/asac

Outbond dan komunitasnya

Human resources development, in both organization and company, shall be conducted chronically based on the needs required, which can be measured from observation, performance assessment, and or long-range target.

Free nature outbound training is a choice to develop human resource. As this method, have a prominence, and advantages compared to other method:
a. Generate Fun: decrease tension and bring back the psychical energy
b. Stimulate personal development
c. Give new perspective into group interaction
d. Learn to overcome the resistance of personal and group
e. Developing positive leadership
f. Build togetherness spirit: mutual trust and support
g. Develop effective communication awareness

There are other benefits, either through personal and group, which finally will improve the organizational performance/ company as a whole.

Komunitas outbond:
MBP skill

Friday, July 4, 2008

Berenang

Berenang adalah salah satu hobi saya. Maka dari itu, saya akan membahas mengapa berenang itu penting.

Berenang adalah kegiatan yang bisa dilakukan di mana saja selama terdapat air yang cukup untuk berenang, berenang di sungai sangat berbahaya, selain dapat hanyut karena arus sungai juga dapat terkena penyakit seperti gatal-gatal pada kulit, iritasi mata, berkurangnya pendengaran, dan penyakit lainnya.

Berenang di kolam renang akan lebih aman setidaknya tidak terdapat arus, bakteri penyebab penyakit juga dikendalikan dengan pemberian kaporit, di samping itu pergantian air yang teratur akan lebih meningkatkan kualitas air kolam renang yang sehat. mengenakan kacamata dan lotion adalah tindakan menanggulangi gangguan terhadap kulit dan mata.sebab jika tidak dapat membuat mata menjadi iritasi dan lain sebagainya
Sejarah
Lukisan-lukisan tentang perenang dari Zaman Batu telah ditemukan di "gua perenang" berdekatan Sura di Mesir barat daya. Rujukan-rujukan bertulis wujud sejak dari 2000 SM. Pada tahun 1538, Nicolas Wynman, profesor bahasa anak Jerman, menulis buku pertama tentang renang. Renang pertandingan di Eropa bermula pada sekitar tahun 1800, kebanyakannya menggunakan gaya dada. Gaya rangkak depan, ketika itu dipanggil gaya trudgen, diperkenalkan pada tahun 1873 oleh John Arthur Trudgen selepas menirunya daripada orang-orang asli Amerika.

Renang merupakan salah satu acara dalam Perlombaan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1896 di Athena. Pada tahun 1900, gaya punggung dimasukkan ke dalam Perlombaan Olimpiade sebagai suatu acara. Pada tahun 1902, gaya trudgen terbaik dimenangkan oleh Richard Cavill, menggunakan tendang keribas. Persatuan renang dunia yang pertama, Federation Internationale de Natation, dibentuk pada tahun 1908. Gaya kupu-kupu yang pada awalnya merupakan salah satu kelainan gaya dada diterima sebagai suatu gaya tersendiri pada tahun 1952.

Sumber-sumber energi bumi

Matahari adalah bintang terdekat dengan Bumi dengan jarak rata-rata 149.680.000 kilometer (93.026.724 mil). Matahari serta kedelapan buah planet (yang sudah diketahui/ditemukan oleh manusia) membentuk Tata Surya. Matahari dikategorikan sebagai bintang kecil jenis G.

Matahari adalah suatu bola gas yang pijar dan ternyata tidak berbentuk bulat betul. Matahari mempunyai katulistiwa dan kutub karena gerak rotasinya. Garis tengah ekuatorialnya 864.000 mil, sedangkan garis tengah antar kutubnya 43 mil lebih pendek. Matahari merupakan anggota Tata Surya yang paling besar, karena 98% massa Tata Surya terkumpul pada matahari.

Di samping sebagai pusat peredaran, matahari juga merupakan pusat sumber tenaga di lingkungan tata surya. Matahari terdiri dari inti dan tiga lapisan kulit, masing-masing fotosfer, kromosfer dan korona. Untuk terus bersinar, matahari, yang terdiri dari gas panas menukar zat hidrogen dengan zat helium melalui reaksi fusi nuklir pada kadar 600 juta ton, dengan itu kehilangan empat juta ton massa setiap saat.

Matahari dipercayai terbentuk pada 4,6 miliar tahun lalu. Kepadatan massa matahari adalah 1,41 berbanding massa air. Jumlah tenaga matahari yang sampai ke permukaan Bumi yang dikenali sebagai konstan surya menyamai 1.370 watt per meter persegi setiap saat. Matahari sebagai pusat Tata Surya merupakan bintang generasi kedua. Material dari matahari terbentuk dari ledakan bintang generasi pertama seperti yang diyakini oleh ilmuwan, bahwasanya alam semesta ini terbentuk oleh ledakan big bang sekitar 14.000 juta tahun lalu.
Jarak matahari dengan Bumi
Jarak matahari ke bumi adalah 93.000.000 mil. Jarak ini dipakai sebagai satuan astronomi. Satu satuan astronomi (Astronomical Unit = AU) adalah 93 juta mil = 148 juta km. Dibandingkan dengan bumi, diameter matahari kira-kira 112 kali diameter Bumi. Gaya tarik matahari kira-kira 30 kali gaya tarik bumi. Cahaya matahari menempuh masa 8 menit untuk sampai ke Bumi dan cahaya matahari yang terang ini dapat mengakibatkan siapapun yang memandang terus kepada matahari menjadi buta.

Suhu
Menurut perhitungan para ahli, temperatur di permukaan matahari sekitar 6000 derajat Celsius namun ada juga yang menyebutkan suhu permukaan sebesar 5500 derajat Celsius. Jenis batuan atau logam apapun yang ada di Bumi ini akan lebur pada suhu setinggi itu. Temperatur tertinggi terletak di bagian tengahnya yang diperkirakan tidak kurang dari 25 juta derajat Celsius namun disebutkan juga kalau suhu pada intinya 15 juta derajat Celsius. Ada pula yang menyebutkan temperatur di inti matahari kira kira sekitar 13.889.000°C. Menurut JR Meyer, panas matahari berasal dari batu meteor yang berjatuhan dengan kecepatan tinggi pada permukaan matahari. Sedangkan menurut teori kontraksi H Helmholz, panas itu berasal dari menyusutnya bola gas. Ahli lain, Dr Bothe menyatakan bahwa panas tersebut berasal dari reaksi-reaksi nuklir yang disebut reaksi hidrogen helium sintetis

Perputaran Matahari
Matahari berputar 25,04 hari bumi setiap putaran dan mempunyai gravitasi 27,9 kali gravitasi Bumi. Terdapat julangan gas teramat panas yang dapat mencapai hingga 100.000 kilometer ke angkasa. Semburan matahari 'sun flare' ini dapat mengganggu gelombang komunikasi seperti radio, TV dan radar di Bumi dan mampu merusak satelit atau stasiun angkasa yang tidak terlindungi. Matahari juga menghasilkan gelombang radio, gelombang ultra-violet, sinar infra-merah, sinar-X, dan angin matahari yang merebak ke seluruh tata surya.

Bumi terlindungi daripada angin matahari oleh medan magnet bumi, sementara lapisan ozon pula melindungi Bumi daripada sinar ultra-violet dan sinar infra-merah. Terdapat bintik matahari yang muncul dari masa ke masa pada matahari yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan suhu di permukaan matahari. Bintik matahari itu menandakan kawasan yang "kurang panas" berbanding kawasan lain dan mencapai keluasan melebihi ukuran Bumi. Kadang-kala peredaran Bulan mengelilingi bumi menghalangi sinaran matahari yang sampai ke Bumi, oleh itu mengakibatkan terjadinya gerhana matahari

Manfaat matahari
Matahari mempunyai fungsi yang sangat penting bagi bumi. Energi pancaran matahari telah membuat bumi tetap hangat bagi kehidupan, membuat udara dan air di bumi bersirkulasi, tumbuhan bisa berfotosintesis, dan banyak hal lainnya.
Merupakan sumber energi (sinar panas). Energi yang terkandung dalam batu bara dan minyak bumi sebenarnya juga berasal dari matahari.
Mengontrol stabilitas peredaran bumi yang juga berarti mengontrol terjadinya siang dan malam, tahun serta mengontrol planet lainnya. Tanpa matahari, sulit membayangkan kalau akan ada kehidupan di bumi.
Dimanfaatkan sebagai energi alternatif. Sel surya dan panel surya dapat menghasilkan energi listrik

Wednesday, July 2, 2008

Playstation

Madden 09 headed for end zone
Electronic Arts' latest edition of long-running NFL sim series goes...

The traditional gift material for a 20th anniversary is fine china. However, Electronic Arts announced today that the latest entry in the two-decades-old Madden NFL series is being commemorated with gold instead. Specifically, the game has gone gold and is ready to make its August 12 release date.

Fronted by recently retired Green Bay Packer great Brett Favre, Madden NFL 09 arrives with a variety of tweaks and changes to the formula in tow. For one thing, Electronic Arts has instituted an adaptive artificial-intelligence system that will tailor its difficulty to the player's skill level on the fly. Players will also be able to call for a do-over on particularly disastrous plays, and the backtrack feature has the game break down a play and point out exactly what went wrong and what should have been done instead.

Madden NFL 09 is set for release on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and Xbox. A Wii version of the game will also be released that day under the tweaked moniker Madden NFL 09 All-Play. Collector's Edition packages of the game, including the full version of NFL Head Coach 09, will also be available on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 for $90.

Perkembangan game online dan dampaknya

Video Game Dilarang atau Diawasi?

Ayah ibu melarang main video game dan PS. Eh, si buah hati asyik main di rumah teman.


Hampir sebulan ini Adi (7 tahun) menghabiskan waktunya untuk bermain video game. Dari pulang sekolah hingga menjelang Maghrib, murid kelas dua SD ini manteng di depan televisi. Itu pun kalau Vonny, ibu Adi tidak segera mematikan televisi. Akibat kecanduan playstation (PS), nilai ulangan Adi jeblok. Pekerjaan rumah pun sering lolos.

Sebenarnya, Vonny (33) sudah berulang kali menegur Adi agar jangan terlalu sering bermain PS. Untuk beberapa saat larangan itu dipatuhi. Namun Vonny terperanjat, pulang dari pasar melihat Adi asyik bermain game di warnet. Adiknya, Danang pernah juga bercerita kalau Adi bermain ke rumah Reza, Aska ataupun Arden pasti bermain game.

Mau tak mau, Vonny pun 'menyerah'. ''Daripada main di luar, saya mengalah deh, lebih baik anak main PS di rumah. Karena bisa terpantau,'' papar dia.

Video game adalah permainan menggunakan interaksi berupa gambar yang dihasilkan oleh peranti video. Dalam permainan itu umumnya ada sistem penghargaan, seperti skor atau nilai. Hitungannya berdasarkan tingkat keberhasilan yang dicapai dalam menyelesaikan tugas-tugas yang ada di permainan. Sistem elektronik yang digunakan bisa berupa komputer atau konsol permainan.

Akhir tahun 1994, Jepang meluncurkan permainan baru berupa playstation (PS). Jenis permainan ini berupa grafis dari era 32-bit. Setahun kemudian PS merambah ke Amerika Serikat dan Eropa. Sampai akhirnya, PS menjadi booming sehingga membentuk Generasi PlayStation. Ribuan game PS dengan berbagai jenis permainan telah diluncurkan ke pasaran. Mei 2004 lalu, Sony sebagai perintis PS mengklaim telah memproduksi 100 juta PS ke seluruh dunia. Termasuk, 7.300 judul permainan dengan jumlah akumulasi 949 juta.

Meminimalkan dampak buruk
Ada orangtua yang melarang keras anak-anak bermain game. Karena permainan itu lebih banyak mudharat ketimbang untungnya. Psikolog Reni Kusumowardhani Msi menyatakan, kalau melihat untung-rugi bermain video game atau PS bagi anak-anak bagaikan dua sisi mata uang. Dampak buruk yang pasti timbul dari bermain PS berawal dari tidak ada pembatasan waktu. Anak-anak dibiarkan main sesuka hatinya. Dampaknya mereka akan ketagihan ingin terus bermain. Apalagi kalau belum menang, anak-anak pasti penasaran. Jika waktu banyak tersita bermain game, kewajiban anak di sekolah atau rumah pun bisa terbengkalai.

Dampak buruk lainnya, tidak semua jenis PS bisa dinikmati anak-anak. Kini banyak beredar permainan berbau porno dan kekerasan --lawannya dibanting, ditembak sampai dibunuh. Jenis permainan ini, kata Reni, harus dihindari dari anak-anak karena sangat membahayakan bagi perkembangan.

''Jauhkan anak-anak dari permainan video yang berdarah-darah, kasar, dan sadis,'' lanjut Reni. Dampaknya, paparnya kemudian, anak-anak bisa tidak memiliki rasa sensitif, rasa sayang terhadap orang lain akan berkurang. ''Lebih jauh lagi hal-hal yang berbau kekerasan menjadi hal biasa.''

Menurut Reni, dampak buruk tersebut dapat diminimalkan jika orangtua ikut berperan aktif mengawasi anak-anak. Buatlah perjanjian dengan anak cantumkan poin-poin apa saja yang bisa dilakukan dan dilarang berkaitan dengan main PS. Misalkan, main PS atau video game hanya boleh Ahad dan hari libur. Hari sekolah dilarang. Kontrak bermain ini harus konsisten ditaati oleh anak maupun orangtua. ''Sekali muncul rasa kasihan anak akan memanfaatkan kelemahan itu,'' katanya.

Lama bermain mainan elektronik ini penting ditakar dengan mempertimbangkan aktivitas lain yang harus dilakukannya. Psikolog Anak di RSUD Cilacap Jateng ini memaparkan, orangtua harus mengetahui durasi kegiatan lain yang dimiliki anak. Dari 24 jam dalam sehari, ada waktu untuk sekolah, belajar, membantu orangtua dan lainnya. Sisa dari waktu itu bisa untuk main PS. Namun, tandas Reni, ''Maksimal dua jam sudah cukup.''

Pada sisi lain, Reni menyarankan orangtua agar selektif terhadap jenis video game yang boleh dimainkan anak. Sebab, cukup banyak game yang memiliki nilai edukasi dan bisa mengasah keterampilan berpikir dan menganalisis. Misalnya, program menyusun bangunan -ruang-, memasang anggota badan, atau mengajak anak aktif berbicara. Game olahraga juga bisa menjadi rujukan untuk mainan anak-anak.

Agar anak tidak soliter, permainan sebaiknya dilakukan bersama: antara orangtua dan anak atau bersama teman-teman. Ini bukan saja membuat suasana semakin seru, tetapi yang penting semakin menambah keakraban.

Tak ada kegiatan lain
Seperti kasus Adi dilarang main PS di rumah, malah pindah ke warnet atau rumah temannya? Peraturan di rumah tentu berbeda dengan yang diterapkan di rumah tetangga atau teman-teman anak. Namun, bagi psikolog yang aktif di Himpsi (Himpunan Psikolog Indonesia) Wilayah DKI Jaya ini, semua itu harus dilihat dari pola asuh dan tipe anak. Anak yang memiliki jalinan komunikasi yang baik dengan orangtua sulit berbohong.

Kalaupun anak kepergok atau mengaku bermain game di luar, Reni menyarankan orangtua agar tidak panik. Apalagi memarahi anak. Langkah efektif ajak anak komunikasi. Tinjau kembali poin yang tercantum di kontrak bermain. Kalau ada yang dilanggar apa konsekuensinya. Beri peringatan pertama dulu, jika masih dilanggar uang saku bisa dikurangi. Reni menyebut beberapa hal yang menyebabkan anak kecanduan game. Di antaranya, anak tidak memiliki kegiatan alternatif atau tidak mempunyai teman sebaya. Dari kedua hal ini pelarian yang paling mudah dengan bermain game. Dalam permainan ini, anak akan mendapat suatu keasyikan.

Jika kondisi ini dibiarkan, anak akan enjoy bermain sendiri. Akibatnya mereka memiliki sifat sangat individualistis dan egois. Padahal, ujar Reni, bermain sendiri grade-nya lebih rendah dari bermain kelompok. Kalau bermain kelompok, anak akan memiliki jiwa sosial, memiliki kepekaan terhadap orang, dan tidak egois.

''Sebelum telanjur anak kecanduan game, orangtua harus mencarikan kegiatan alternatif bagi anak. Kegiatan yang dipilih jangan berkaitan lagi dengan sekolah tapi lebih ke hobi minat si anak,'' paparnya.

Sebagai alternatif permainan video dan PS yang merajalela di pasaran, Reni lebih setuju bila orangtua memperkenalkan anak-anak dengan permainan tradisional seperti galasin dan gobak sodor. ''Permainan kelompok itu lebih menyenangkan dan merangsang kecerdasan anak,'' kata dia. Mengapa? Permainan itu mengajak berinteraksi dengan orang lain, melatih saraf motorik anak, berstrategi agar memenangkan permainan dan melatih jiwa sosial simpati merasakan bagaimana kalau lawannya kalah.

Ambil Sikap yang Jelas dan Tegas

Jangan harapkan anak menentukan sendiri batasan waktunya bermain video game. Begitu juga jenis yang dimainkannya. Berikut beberapa yang perlu jadi pegangan:
* Batasi waktu bermain video game. Bila nilai anak buruk di sekolah, laranglah sementara bermain.
* Jangan izinkan anak menunda waktu tidur karena ia ingin menyelesaikan game-nya. Jika waktu tidur mendekat, beri ia peringatan 10 menit sebelumnya.
* Doronglah anak untuk menyelesaikan sendiri perselisihan dalam hal penggunaan video game. Bila pertengkaran semakin seru, singkirkan permainan itu sampai mereka mencapai penyelesaian.
* Bantulah anak memilih video game yang tidak menampilkan kekerasan. Bila anak meminjam game baru, periksa dulu sebelum ia memainkannya.
* Bila Anda memiliki komputer, cobalah game edukasi. Game seperti ini mengombinasikan akademik dan hiburan. Bila Anda memiliki pilihan, belilah computer game ketimbang video game.
* Yang pasti, video game tidak boleh mengalahkan acara keluarga.